Twenty years ago, Nature published a review characterizing aquaculture as a possible solution, and a contributing factor, to the decline in fisheries stocks worldwide 1. Pressure on the aquaculture industry to embrace comprehensive sustainability measures during this 20-year period have improved the governance, technology, siting, and management in many cases. Management of pathogens, parasites, and pests remains a sustainability challenge industry-wide, and the effects of climate change on aquaculture remain uncertain and difficult to validate. The potential for molluscs and seaweed to support global nutritional security is underexploited. The culture of both molluscs and seaweed is increasingly recognized for its ecosystem services however, the quantification, valuation, and market development of these services remain rare. Major gains have also occurred in aquaculture feed efficiency and fish nutrition, lowering the fish-in–fish-out ratio for all fed species, although the dependence on marine ingredients persists and reliance on terrestrial ingredients has increased. Inland aquaculture-especially in Asia-has contributed the most to global production volumes and food security. This paper reviews the developments in global aquaculture from 1997 to 2017, incorporating all industry sub-sectors and highlighting the integration of aquaculture in the global food system. The sustainability of aquaculture has been debated intensely since 2000, when a review on the net contribution of aquaculture to world fish supplies was published in Nature.
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